Biochemistry Answers

11. Indicate which type of bonds are involved in the following

a. Formation of the primary structure of a protein

b. Stabilization of the alpha helix and beta pleated sheet structures of proteins

12.Identify the biomolecular composition of the following cells

a.Endoplasmic reticulum

b.Mitochondria

c.Cytoskeleton

d. Nucleus

13 Under aerobic catabolism of glucose ,in which compartment of the eukaryotic cell does the following reaction occurs?

a conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

b.conversion of succinyl -CoA to succinate

c.conversion ofNADH to ATP.

d.conversion of phosphologlycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate.

14. Briefly outline how ATP is generated from glucose in the absence of oxygen. What is the importance of this pathway?

15. Briefly explain the process by which excess dietary carbohydrates and lipids are stored in the human body

6.Name two key enzymes involved in substrate level phosphorylation reactions of glycolysis

7.Briefly explain how acetyl - CoA used for fatty acid biosynthesis is transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol and indicate the state (fed or fasted ) under which this can occur.

8. Briefly explain how enzymes decrease the activation energy of biochemical reactions

9.write the mechaelis -Menten equation for enzymes catalysis and define the parameters.

10 what are the differences between competitive, non competitive and uncompetitive inhibitions?

1. Name two major lipids constituents of cell membrane

2. What makes most membrane lipids amphipathic?

3.which organelle in eukaryotic cells is involved in lipids synthesis

4.How are dietary fats transported in blood

5. What metabolic pathway is used by red blood cells for energy?

why is ammonium toxic in higher animals?

The structure of cis and trans oleic acid (C18: 1) is shown in the figure below. They both are 18 carbon fatty acids with one double bond between C9 and CIO.

                                                                   fis           tnnd: O" acid

trans double O" m-id

The melting point of cis oleic acid is 13.4 degrees C and that of trans oleic acid is 44.5 degrees C. Explain this difference in their melting temperatures

Soap (detergents) are bipolar or amphipathic molecules. They have a polar head group and a non-polar tail (fatty acyl group). Soap bubbles contain air inside them as well as air is present outside them. Draw a diagram to show how soap (detergent) molecules will organize in a bubble. (hint: air is non-polar, thin film ofwater making the soap bubble is polar) 

What effect will drinking a lot of coffee have on the specific gravity of your urine?

Your cousin enjoys eating dairy products that contain high levels of lactose. He asked you to determine how many moles of ATP can he gain from the complete oxidation of one mole of lactose. With solution of calculation

How much ATP can be generated per one molecule of cellobiose you consume?

Your cousin enjoys eating dairy products that contain high levels of lactose. He asked you to determine how many moles of ATP can he gain from the complete oxidation of one mole of lactose.