Biochemistry Answers

Gluconeogenesis

1. Phosphoenolpyruvate is a common substrate found in what two pathways?

2. Why is gluconeogenesis labeled as enzymatic by-pass reactions?

Glycogenolysis

3. Explain the function of glucagon and the reaction that is being catalyzed.

4. Epinephrine, a hormone found in the adrenal gland, stimulates the skeletal muscles to produce glucose-6-phosphate. What is the intended purpose of most of the ATP produced from this reaction?

Glycogenesis

5. This metabolic pathway is activated by what hormone that is found in the pancreas? Explain its function.

asparate + NAD+ ---> NADH + ___.

1. At eukaryotic origins of replication, helicase cannot be activated until the polymerase is also positioned on the DNA. Explain what would happen if the helicase became active in the absence of DNA polymerase.

2. RNA synthesis is much less accurate than DNA synthesis. Why does this not harm the cell?

3. What is the role of folate in the synthesis of nitrogenous bases of purines?

Discuss the contribution of RAS to the MAPK growth factor signalling pathway and cancer.

Huntington Disease, outlining the main symptoms and giving details of the mode of inheritance and causative mutation.

Connect the terminologies DISEASE FORMATION and NUCLEIC ACIDS.

A new disease associated with glycogen metabolism has been discovered. It involves a mutation in the glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase enzymes where all of the serine residues in the active and regulatory sites are replaced with glycine residues. Assuming this has no effect on the actual catalytic mechanism of these enzymes describe all of the effects on regulation of glycogen metabolism that would occur.

What is the change in pH if 1.50mL of 1.00M HCl is added to the buffer solution? Is the buffer effective? Show your calculation.

Calcule ΔU_rxn (kJ/mol) a 298,15 K para la siguiente reacción:

CH₃OH (g) + CO (g) → CH₃COOH (l)

Discuss the role which Neutrophils play in inflammatory diseases?

Describe two major pathways activated by insulin and the signalling mechanisms undermining their activation?

A number of enzymes and accessory proteins play a rote in DNA synthesis at the replication fork. Discuss.