Biology Answers

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A mouse was injected with an antigen that is known to induce the generation Th1 helper T cells. At the same time, the mouse was injected with anti-IL-12 and anti-IFN-γ antibodies.

What type of hypersensitivity to the injected antigen this mouse may develop? Explain why?

Assume that there is a mutation that affected the generation of the C3d fragment of complement. What will the effect this mutation on both the adaptive and the innate parts of the immune system? 

For a human blood, there are two alleles (called S and s) and three distinct phenotypes that can be identified by means of the appropriate reagents. The following data was taken from people in Britain.

Among the 1000 people sampled, the following genotype frequencies were observed SS = 93, Ss = 420 and ss = 487.

Calculate the frequency of S and s in this population and carry out a chi- square test.

Is there any reason to reject the hypothesis of Hardy-Weinberg proportions in this population?

Why is acetyl Coenzyme A, an important molecule in cellular respiration? (2 marks)

ATP is produced during cellular respiration. However,it is required. Explain. (4 marks)

Explain chemiosmosis with the aid of a neatly drawn and annotated diagram. (5 marks)

Make use of a neatly annotated line diagram to illustrate the structure of a mitochondrion. Also indicate where the various main reactions take place. (8 marks)