The mean free path of photons in stars is of the order of 0.2 cm. Show that the time
taken for a photon to reach the surface of a star of radius 4 Ro is of the order of one
million year.
Derive Jeans criteria for the stability of a gas cloud. A collapsing cloud is made only
of neutral hydrogen (H1). If the temperature of the cloud is 50 K and its number
density is 10^5 m−3, calculate its Jeans mass.
Derive an expression for the tidal force for the earth-moon system and show that its
magnitude depends on the latitude. Explain tidal bulge on the basis of this
expression.
Explain how we estimate the effective surface temperature of the Sun. A main
sequence star has mass 2 × 10^31 kg and radius 3 × 10^9 m. Obtain an estimate of the
average temperature throughout the star.
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