2. (a) Compare or differentiate the Ruby Laser to the Helium Neon Laser with regard to their (i)
Gain medium (ii) Lasing wavelength (iii) uses. [3 marks]
(b) Consider the following nuclear reactions. Classify all the elementary particles involved and
tell (with a brief explanation) which of the three reactions is allowed / not allowed. [3 mark]
i. µ− −→ e− + νµ
ii. γ −→ e− + e+
iii. p + n̄ −→ π + π 0
(c) Briefly describe the basics principles of radiocarbon dating? [2 mark]
(d) Show that average lifetime (meanlife) of a radioactive nucleus is equivalent to Tm = λ1 , where
λ is the radioactive constant. [2 mar
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