Answer to Question #301123 in Psychology for nthoga

Question

1.1 Define Inclusive Education. (5)

1.2 Discuss the following theories underpinning Inclusive Education.

1.2.1 Critical theory and its key principles. (5)

1.2.2 African philosophies and its key principles. (5)

1.2.3 Social constructivism and its key principles. (5)

Answer 1

1.1 Different and diverse pupils learning side by side in the same classroom is what inclusive education entails. They enjoy going on field trips and participating in after-school activities together. They are both involved in student government. Modeling, visuals, objectives and manipulatives, graphic organizers, oral and written replies, and technology are all examples of ways to convey information to students and for students to represent learning back.

1.2.1 "The goal of critical theory is to prevent the loss of truth that previous knowledge has worked so hard to achieve." Critical Theory strives to contextualize philosophical claims to truth and moral universality without subjecting them to social and historical conditions, given its focus on human emancipation. Critical theory is a philosophy that involves questioning society's dominant viewpoint. Critical theory, in many cases, emphasizes social structure and group culture, condemning social injustice, discrimination, racial oppression, and other social inconsistencies. Similarly, critical theory in education is concerned with how our educational system can best provide education to all people, and peace education is a type of critical theory that can help to reduce bullying, isolation, and discrimination in the classroom. In fact, discrimination and bullying are on the rise in inclusive education, owing to students' lack of awareness of the importance of treating unique pupils with respect. According to critical theory, each person has the right to accept education, and each person has various strengths and limitations, thus schools, teachers, and students cannot classify kids based on their weaknesses, and bullying can inflict both physical and emotional pain.

1.2.2 Respect, human dignity, compassion, solidarity, and consensus are all fundamental principles articulated by the Ubuntu ideology, which encourages compliance and commitment to the group. Modern African civilization, on the other hand, is made up of people from all cultures and backgrounds. There is a philosophy in Africa. Many African philosophers have written on the topic of freedom and what it means to be free or to experience totality. African philosophy is well-developed, as seen by the philosophy of several Egyptian civilizations.

1.2.3 The collaborative nature of learning is emphasized in social constructivism. People's interactions with one another, their culture, and society as a whole shape their knowledge. Students rely on others to help them develop their own knowledge and reality, and learning from others helps them do so. In a constructivist classroom, students are encouraged to expound on their ideas and use evidence to support their viewpoints, as opposed to traditional education, when students are expected to deliver the one correct response the instructor is searching for. Teachers can get pupils to articulate what they're thinking and why they're thinking it through helpful questioning. Students are encouraged to investigate a part of something they haven't attempted or considered before through constructivism. Constructivist teaching is all about challenging and widening student perspectives, whether it's a new product (such creating a film instead of an essay) or a new point of view. Exploring complicated, real-world situations allows pupils to interact with the curriculum, according to constructivism. Students' motivation to learn and understanding of content can be boosted by tying learning to ideas or situations that are relevant to their life and interests. Understanding cause and effect, critically assessing materials, and inquiry-based investigation are all important ideas for kids to acquire. In constructivist classrooms, lessons are designed to promote mastery of these key concepts or big ideas. Teachers evaluate students' progress in the classroom on a daily basis.